2007 Doctoral Student Citations

Ahn, Meekyung (PhD, Chemistry, 2007)

"Substrate analogues as mechanistic probes for 3-Deoxy-D-Arabino-Heptulosonate"

Ms Ahn investigated mechanistic differences between two, closely related enzymes, DAH7P synthase and KDO8P synthase. Various phosphorylated, monosaccharide, substrate analogues were used as mechanistic probes. The main research aim was to synthesise alternative stereoisomers for d-E4P and d-A5P, the natural substrate of DAH7P synthase and KDO8P synthase, respectively. This is the first systematic study of the tolerance of both enzymes to configure changes of the aldol phosphate substrate. Her research has shown that the two enzymes have mechanistic differences. The findings will contribute to a greater understanding of the two enzymes and will help to develop novel antimicrobial targets.

Al-Dujaily, Amal (PhD, Information System, 2007)

"Personality effect in the design of adoptive e-learning systems"

Ms Al-Dujaily’s research focused on the personality effect in the design of adaptive e-learning systems. The research investigated the potential role of personality in e-learning systems, and how future adaptive e-learning systems could embody the personality feature to address each individual’s differences. Empirical experiments in two different countries, Oman and New Zealand, where students had different learning styles were involved. Firstly, findings showed learners with different personality types have different effects on their learning performance with adaptive e-learning. Consequently, inclusion of the personality feature in the design of e-learning systems to improve the learners’ performance is proposed. Secondly, findings confirmed that co-operation between different types of personalities could motivate better, collaborative, learning experiences. Therefore, these results have implications for informing future research regarding different personality traits for an effective learning experience.

Alexander, Samuel Thomas Vaughan (PhD, Computer Science, 2007)

"An Affect-sensitive intelligent tutoring system with an animated pedagogical agent that adapts to student emotion like a human tutor"

Mr Alexander's research focussed on the effects of student and tutor emotion in educational software. He first carried out an observational study of interactions between students and human tutors, using facial expressions as a measure of their emotional state. The data from this study was then used to develop an artificial intelligence method for adapting to student emotions in software tutoring systems. A mathematics tutoring system for primary school students was developed that applied this method for adapting to student emotions; the system featured an animated tutoring character, Eve, who is able to detect facial expressions of student emotion using a web-cam, and can respond with her own expressions of emotion. The system was tested in local primary schools. His results showed evidence that enhancing educational software with emotional awareness can increase levels of student motivation and learning.

Alison, Judie (PhD, Education, 2007)

"Mind the Gap! Policy change in practice: School qualifications reform in New Zealand, 1970-2002"

Ms Alison explored the shift from norm-referenced to standards-based assessment for New Zealand school qualifications between 1980 and 2002, as an example of a policy gap in action. She studied government and teacher union documents, and interviewed policy-makers, academics, union activists and thirteen teachers who had taught throughout the period studied. Two determinants of the conflict about school qualifications in the 1990’s were identified: a shift to neo-liberal policy discourses, which did not resonate with practical discourses of the profession; and government’s exclusion of teacher representatives from policy development. Teachers and government ‘talked past each other’. Qualifications reforms that might have been welcomed by the profession were instead largely rejected by most teachers. Consequently, the National Certificate of Educational Achievement is perceived by teachers as externally imposed and its origins within the profession have been forgotten. This indicates that ‘policy gaps’, while easily opened, are not as easily closed.

Ang, Ee Kheng (PhD, Social Policy & Social Work, 2007)

"Career break or broken career? Mothers’ experiences of returning to paid work"

Ms Ang's research investigated why New Zealand mothers, who have returned to paid work (sometimes referred to as 'returners'), typically have jobs with fewer career prospects and lower pay than they had before having children. To find answers, Ms Ang conducted in-depth interviews with a sample of New Zealand returners. She also undertook a nation-wide questionnaire survey of employers. In addition she examined government assistance to help returners balance paid work and family life. Findings showed that returners found it difficult to move back into full-time work and/or careers due to employers' views about mothers' availability and suitability for career work. Government support was also insufficient. Policy recommendations about the types of assistance that would help mothers combine parenthood and a continuing career conclude the thesis.

Banabas, Muron (PhD, Soil Science, 2007)

Study of Nitrogen Loss Pathways in Oil Palm (Elaies guineensis Jacq.) Growing Agro-ecosystems on Volcanic Ash soils in Papua New Guinea.

Mr.Banabas studied losses of soil and fertiliser-nitrogen from oil palm systems on volcanic soils in Papua New Guinea. The study involved (a) identifying major N loss pathways and quantifying actual losses via surface runoff, denitrification and leaching and (b) building models to predict the half-life for the conversion of ammonium to nitrate in these soils and assessing the residence time of fertiliser-nitrogen added at different times throughout the year. Experiments were carried out in PNG, but because of the lack of analytical facilities, all samples had to be shipped to New Zealand for analysis. The results showed that under the extreme tropical conditions (annual rainfall = 2500-4000mm) leaching accounted for most of the losses. The models developed were then used to explore different management strategies for improving the efficiency of use of nitrogenous fertilisers under these extreme conditions, and for minimizing their impact on the surrounding environment.

Barczak, Andre Luis Chautard (PhD, Computer Science, 2007)

"Feature-based Rapid Object Detection: From Features Extraction to Parallelisation"

Mr Barczak studied rapid object detection in computer vision. His work focused on overcoming some of the limitations of current methods used when objects are subject to geometric transformations. Among the contributions of his work, a new feature extraction method was developed. This method extends the usability of moment invariants because it increases the dimensionality of the feature set by extracting features from concentric areas of the image. Advantages of the method include rapid computation and invariance to rotation, scaling and lighting conditions. His work can be applied to areas such as video processing, surveillance, optical character recognition, and image-based quality assurance.

Bashford, Janet Lorraine (PhD, Psychology, 2007)

"The cannabis use problems identification test (CUPIT): Development and Psychometrics"

Ms Bashford addressed the absence of an empirically-verified screener for reliable and opportunistic detection of currently and potentially harmful, cannabis use. Her research also provided valuable information on the nature, prevalence, severity, and natural history of cannabis-induced problems among a heterogeneous New Zealand sample of adolescent and adult users. Participants’ independent responses to the candidate Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test (CUPIT) items were examined. DSM-IV/ICD-10 cannabis use disorder diagnoses were employed as the criterion standard. Two primary CUPIT subscales emerged, demonstrating a highly significant ability to discriminate diagnostic subgroups along the problem severity continuum. Twelve months later, respondents’ original CUPIT scores displayed highly significant longitudinal predictive ability for diagnostic group membership. Accordingly, it is now feasible to develop a proactive opportunistic screening and early intervention approach to cannabis use problems, which are pervasive among users in the population.

Beatty, Bronwyn Elizabeth (PhD, English, 2007)

"The currency of heroic fantasy: The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter from Ideology to Industry"

Ms Beatty’s research considers the current popularity of the heroic fantasy genre through the books and films of The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter. She addresses themes of consumerism, gender, and nationalism, using a combination of literary analysis and contextual discussion. Beatty contends that the hero’s moral behaviour and purposive journey provide readers with examples of meaningful actions and values, presenting a necessary fantasy of individual and collective stability. The genre of heroic fantasy is particularly open to diverse interpretations, and this accounts for the genre’s prominence at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Its reassuring images of individual and collective stability resonate at a time of global insecurity.

Binnie, Jan Elizabeth (PhD, Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2007)

"Characterization of ACC Oxidase from the leaves of Malus domestica Borkh (Apple)"

Ms Binnie investigated the presence and properties of a key enzyme, ACC oxidase, involved in ethylene biosynthesis. Ethylene is a plant hormone which plays an important role during leaf senescence, fruit ripening and leaf and fruit abscission. Two different forms of ACC oxidase were identified in the leaves of Royal Gala apple trees. Although these two forms of the enzyme proved to have similar kinetic properties when compared, both forms exhibited differential expression patterns during leaf development (young leaf, mature leaf and senescent leaf), which were different from each other. This research may allow improvement of the quality of apple fruit, if leaf senescence can be delayed by the down-regulation of ACC oxidase in leaf tissue. This, in turn, could lengthen the photosynthetic capacity of the plant, leading to increased photosynthate and, hence, carbohydrate storage for fruit growth the following spring.

Bone, Jane (PhD, Education, 2007)

"Everyday Spirituality: Supporting the spiritual experience of young children in three early childhood educational settings"

Ms Bone focused on the support given to the spiritual experience of young children in three early childhood settings. The bicultural early childhood curriculum, Te Whāriki, includes a spiritual dimension. Qualitative case studies were set up in a Montessori casa, a private preschool, and a Steiner kindergarten. Young children, parents and teachers participated. The research involved making a video and taking photographs, in addition to participant observation, interviews and focus groups. Using writing as a means of discovery and the analysis of emergent themes, case studies revealed that the central concept of everyday spirituality was an aspect of daily pedagogical practice. The themes of spiritual withness, spiritual in-betweenness and the spiritual elsewhere were explored in narratives that described ways of being together, rites, rituals and transformations. This thesis acknowledged context and culture and argued that early childhood environments support spiritual experiences.

Brown, Margaret (PhD, Education, 2007)

"A case study of the Implementation of Middle Schooling in New Zealand"

Ms Brown’s research focused on how schools implement the middle schooling concept. The research arose from a need for New Zealand based information on the formation of new middle schools because a growing number of school communities consider the middle schooling option for their year 7 to years 9 or 10 students. The research took the form of a case study of a school’s implementation of middle schooling, the challenges it faced and the lessons that other schools can draw from this experience. The research showed that implementing the middle schooling concept involved challenges of a nature and scale presented by few other innovations. The size and complexity of the middle schooling concept and the implementation period present schools with considerations, which few staff are likely to have experienced. Ms Brown’s study identified key lessons for other schools to consider when examining the possibility of adopting the middle schooling concept.

Bryant, Jeremy (PhD, Animal Science, 2007)

"The development of a simulation model to predict the performance of grazing dairy cattle based on environmental sensitivity information"

Mr Bryant’s thesis aimed to determine if dairy cattle sires genetically re-rank in different nutritional and climatic environments in New Zealand. The environmental sensitivity data was then used to construct a dairy cattle simulation model for pastoral systems. Analyses identified that sire re-ranking in different environments throughout New Zealand is not a major problem. However, Jersey cattle were better suited to grassland systems and were less susceptible to hot conditions than New Zealand or Overseas Friesian cattle that performed best in systems expected to use moderate levels of supplements. Results were then used to construct a simulation model called MOOSIM, which incorporates the effects of age, genotype, body fatness and feeding level on mammary gland cellular dynamics. MOOSIM can be used by farmers, researchers and consultants to predict dairy cattle daily feed intake, live weight changes, milk solids production and responses to supplements based on genotype and environmental sensitivity data.

Burgess, Timothy Angus (EdD, Education, 2007)

"Investigating the Nature of Teacher knowledge needed and used in teaching Statistics"

Mr Burgess explored the teacher knowledge needed for teaching statistics through investigations at the primary school level. The school mathematics curriculum is undergoing some significant changes with regard to the teaching approaches being advocated. These changes reflect international developments in statistics education. Consequently, little is currently known about what knowledge teachers need and actually use while they are teaching statistics. The research was conducted in primary school classrooms, based on a framework that was developed for analysing the types of knowledge needed and used during a sequence of lessons involving statistics investigations. The study’s findings contribute significant new insights into the knowledge needed by primary school teachers, if they are to provide their students with the best learning opportunities. The study has important implications for both initial teacher education and the professional development of practising teachers.

Carroll-Lind, Janis (PhD, Education, 2007)

"Children’s Perceptions of Violence: The Nature, Extent, and Impact of their Experiences"

Ms Carroll-Lind examined children’s perceptions of the prevalence, incidence, and impact of violence experienced or witnessed by them and explored factors that might reduce its impact. A national, representative survey of 2077 children, aged 9 to 13 years, from 28 randomly selected schools was undertaken. Results showed emotional violence was the most prevalent and had more impact on children than physical violence. Sexual violence had the most overall impact. Witnessing violence was more prevalent and, except for sexual victimisation, also had greater impact than direct violence. All types of violence involving adults were rated higher than violence involving children. Guided by Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the results support the controversial ethical decision to adopt a passive consent procedure. Effective development of policy and provision should be based on data reflecting children’s perceptions of violence in the context of their own lives.

Castinel, Aurelie (PhD, Veterinary Pathology, 2007)

"Causes of neonatal mortality in the New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)"

Ms Castinel investigated the causes of neonatal mortality in the New Zealand sea lion, which is an endangered pinniped species endemic to New Zealand. The research used necropsy and clinical data collected on the sub-Antarctic Auckland Islands over the 1998/1999 to 2004/2005 breeding seasons. The research focused on two major aspects: parasitic infection of pups with intestinal hookworms and bacterial epidemics that caused high pup mortality for two consecutive seasons. This work provided the first taxonomic description of the hookworm Uncinaria spp. infecting New Zealand sea lion pups and unveiled its full life cycle. The two epidemic seasons were caused by a clonal strain of the opportunistic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae. Findings demonstrated that all New Zealand sea lions had anti-Klebsiella antibodies prior to the epidemics, but pups were not receiving passive immune transfer against this pathogen. Ms Castinel’s research significantly contributes to the management of an endangered species.

Cichota, Rogerio (PhD, Soil Science, 2007)

"Modelling sulphate dynamics in soils - The effect of ion-pair adsorption"

Mr Cichota studied the effects of ion-pair adsorption (IPA), involving sulphate and calcium, on the dynamics of sulphur in two New Zealand soils. Batch and miscible displacement experiments were used to collect data. Results showed that sulphate adsorption is significantly enhanced in the presence of calcium, especially in soils dominated by variable-charge components, such as allophane. An adsorption model, containing three mathematical approaches for quantifying the amount of sulphate retained due to IPA, was proposed. The model performed well for describing the observed data from both experiments and some literature data. This work showed that the extent of IPA is appreciable in allophanic soils, and significantly affects sulphate movement. A pot trial in a glasshouse with intermittent irrigation showed, however, that the effect of IPA on sulphate transport may be restricted to only a few days after fertilisation.

Collie, Stewart Roger (PhD, Chemistry, 2007)

"Development of durable textile-conductive polymer composites"

Mr Collie’s research addressed the requirement for durable, electrically conductive textile materials in the development of wearable interactive technologies. These ‘smart’ textile systems will become a key feature of future communication, medical and entertainment systems, but only if their electrical properties are durable in everyday use and care procedures. He explored the deposition of inherently conductive polymers (ICPs) onto textiles by a range of in situ polymerisation techniques, and developed a new method that allowed more durable ICPs based on thiophene to be deposited. These ‘textile-ICP’ composites had excellent durability with little compromise to their characteristic textile properties of strength, extensibility and drape. The research also highlighted the critical role that the substrate structure and fibre type has on the composite’s electrical properties - a factor inadequately addressed in previous research.

Cooper Phyn, Claire Vanessa (PhD, Animal Science, 2007)

"Studies of variation between dairy cows in their response to once-daily milking: Identification of tolerant animals"

Ms Phyn’s research examined the regulation of gene expression in mammary glands in response to milk accumulation, as might occur at weaning, using bovine and rodent models. In particular, she focused on the role of the tight junction protein complexes between cells, the timing of their breakdown, and the role these complexes might play in the death of mammary cells after weaning. Her results showed that physical expansion, during engorgement of the mammary glands with milk, is a primary trigger initiating removal of mammary cells. This occurs through changes in the regulation of gene pathways controlling cell survival and death, and the disruption of tight junction function. Ms Phyn’s work contributes to the understanding of changes in mammary gene expression and function in response to milk accumulation. The work may ultimately provide insights that improve lactation traits such as persistency and once-daily milking.

Dale, Michael (PhD, Social Policy, 2007)

"Leadership and effective service delivery: A study of the perspectives of probation officers and service managers in the New Zealand Probation Service"

Mr Dale explored the contribution of leadership to the achievement of effective service delivery in the New Zealand Probation Service from the perspectives of Probation Officers and Service Managers. Qualitative data was collected via personal in-depth interviews, augmented by focus group discussions. Several key findings emerged. Effective service delivery was not perceived to reduce recidivism alone, but to also include the client’s broader social experience. This recognised that positive social benefits can extend beyond the simple measurement of offending behaviour. Second, leaders must be seen to be credible if they are to create willing followers. This credibility rested upon the leader’s possession of relevant practice knowledge and skills, and their demonstrated commitment to professional practice. Finally, the research identified how the leader’s experience and competence has a bearing upon confidence in the leader; participants posited a connection between positive leadership and Probation Officer work performance and service delivery.

Dewson, Zoe Spence (PhD, Ecology, 2007)

"Small stream ecosystems and irrigation: An ecological assessment of water abstraction impacts"

Ms Dewson examined the impacts of water removal on aquatic invertebrates and ecosystem functioning in rivers and streams. The removal of water from streams, for uses such as irrigation and domestic water supply, is common in rural New Zealand and worldwide. Initially, the research focused on assessing the instream characteristics and invertebrate communities of streams with existing water extractions. In subsequent experiments, Ms Dewson used weirs and diversions to manipulate stream flow in small streams and tested the responses of invertebrates to decreases in flow over time. Findings showed that water extraction from streams can affect stream invertebrates. The research also demonstrated how stream water quality and the magnitude and duration of decreases in flow influence the outcomes of water removal for stream ecosystems. These results have implications for the sustainable management of water allocation from rivers and streams.

Douche, Jean Raeburn (PhD, midwifery, 2007)

"Caesarean section in the absence of clinical indications: Discourses constituting choice in childbirth"

With advances in technology, childbearing women have a greater variety of options. Controversial, is the option of a caesarean section, regardless of clinical need. Ms Douché explored the discourses constructing women’s choice for a caesarean section, in the absence of clinical indicators. Data came from the talk and texts of women, midwives, an obstetrician, professional journals and media publications. The study affirmed that inscriptions surrounding choice in childbirth are shaped through a multiplicity of discourses underpinned by social and institutional practices. Whether caesarean, as an optional extra, can be explained in terms of a libertarian imperative, an embodiment of lifestyle, the satiation of desire, the attenuation of fear or the avoidance of risk, democratising this choice has exposed a pathologising paradox. This paradox is where the normal emerges as the abnormal, and the abnormal emerges as the normal.

Dowden, Richard Anthony (Tony) (EdD, 2007)

"Curriculum integration for early adolescent schooling in Aotearoa New Zealand: worthy of serious trial"

Mr Dowden applied historical and theoretical analysis to: (i) investigate the origins and development of curriculum integration, predominately in Great Britain and the USA; (ii) document New Zealand schools’ historical adoption and use of curriculum integration and variants of it; and (iii) examine its suitability as a preferred direction for the schooling of early adolescents in New Zealand. Analyses disentangled notions of integration from a range of other educational ideas and strategies commonly associated and often (mistakenly) identified with curriculum integration, e.g., student-centred, subject-centred, interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and organic curricula and education. A key conclusion is that the integrative curriculum model that James Beane developed, in the progressive educational tradition of John Dewey, is best justified educationally, developmentally and ethically. Moreover, it builds on and extends New Zealand’s pioneering curriculum work based principally on Dewey’s ideas.

Dukkipati, Venkata Sayoji Rao (PhD, Animal Science, 2007)

"A search for genetic factors influencing immune responses to a killed mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis vaccine in Australian fine-wool merion sheep"

Mr Dukkipati’s research focused on identifying genetic markers for immune responses to paratuberculosis vaccination in sheep. Immune response data, together with blood samples from sheep, were obtained from a long-term vaccination trial in Australia. The blood samples were genotyped for eight genetic markers and the effects of genetic polymorphisms on immune responses were determined by employing suitable statistical methods. The study identified six genotypes and four alleles at six marker loci as either ‘probable’ or ‘most likely’ to be associated with immune responses to vaccination. Based on published data regarding the role of the host’s immune responses in protection against paratuberculosis, the identified markers may be useful in selective breeding of resistant sheep. This has the potential to curtail incidence of the disease in breeding as well as commercial flocks.

du Plessis, Karin (PhD, Psychology, 2007)

"Attachment and conflict in close relationships: The influence of attachment of conflict resolution styles, conflict beliefs, communication accuracy and relationship satisfaction in New Zealand couples"

Ms du Plessis explored attachment bonds and their association with conflict beliefs, conflict resolution behaviour and relationship satisfaction in intimate relationships. Two separate studies were used to examine individuals in committed relationships. Findings showed how conflict beliefs and relationship satisfaction were specifically tied to an individual’s attachment to their romantic partner. However, conflict resolution behaviour was more complex. This behaviour was associated with conflict beliefs, romantic partner attachment and the individual’s attachment to parents. These results indicate the importance of conflict behaviour learned in the context of the bonds with parents as it still impacts on conflict behaviour in the current intimate relationship. The research findings have implications for attachment theory and how researchers understand couples’ conflict resolution behaviour, as well as therapists’ understanding of these concepts in distressed couples.

East, Andrew (PhD, Food Technology, 2007)

"The Influence of Breaks in Optimal Storage Conditions on 'Cripps Pink' Apple Physiology and Quality"

Dr East investigated the influence of disruptions to optimal storage conditions during commercial cool chain operations on apple physiology and quality. It was found that postclimacteric apples removed from refrigerated storage for short time periods, subsequently produced more of the fruit ripening hormone ethylene on return to cool storage. Quality responses to the increases in ethylene were however mixed, although the general trend of increased ethylene, resulting in increased rates of fruit quality change, remained. To aid future prediction of fruit quality changes in commercial cool chains, mathematical models were formulated to predict ethylene production of apples in variable temperature scenarios. In contrast to breaks in temperature control, short breaks in controlled atmosphere storage while fruit remained refrigerated were found to have no effect on fruit physiology or quality. The results provide indication of the potential influence of commercial cool chain practices on fruit quality and value.

Edlin, Beverley Judith (DBA, Corporate Governance, 2007)

"Boardroom decision-making: Determinants of effectiveness"

Ms Edlin examined a board of directors who were perceived by business professionals as being an effective decision-making group. Using directly observed board deliberations, her thesis provides a descriptive view of board activity. This was achieved, firstly, by analysing the processes and behaviours occurring within a boardroom and, secondly, aligning the determinants of decision-making with measures of board effectiveness. Results were analysed using applied qualitative methodology and ethnostatistics. The thesis challenges currently held theoretical perspectives of board behaviour by advocating that pooling and sharing information transcends opportunism. It advocates that board effectiveness reflects the role that the board adopts for itself. The findings highlight areas for further research: CEO-Chair relationships, director selection processes, management involvement, and building a theory of governance embedded in the concept of unfettered decision-making as opposed to management control.

El-Gack, Nawal El-Gaili (PhD, Development Studies, 2007)

"Participatory approaches to development: An analysis of the experiences of development projects in Sudan"

Ms El-Gack examined the experiences of participatory development projects in Sudan. Various participatory methods were used to identify the factors that influenced people’s participation and to find ways to improve the practice of development at grassroots level. A variety of factors were shown to influence participation: development providers’ policies, the credibility and behaviour of staff, the nature and amount of resources, socio-cultural norms, power relations, communities’ previous experiences, organisation, and the level of education. The research has also broadened understanding of development in practice. Ms El-Gack concluded that improving the practice of development requires three factors: firstly, an in-depth understanding of prevailing social, economic, political and physical environments; secondly, adopting a moral-obligatory approach; and finally, providing local communities with resources, information and skills.

Feather, Jacqueline Susan (PhD, Psychology, 2007)

"Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for abused children with posttraumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation of a manualised treatment programme"

Ms Feather’s research addressed the need for effective therapy for children with trauma from child abuse. Using local knowledge and experience combined with international research on evidence-based treatments, a trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy programme for New Zealand children was developed and evaluated. The research was carried out in a specialist setting designed to assist abused children. The children who participated had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of abuse. Overall findings showed that with treatment, PTSD symptoms decreased and self-reported coping increased. Gains generally maintained or continued to improve over follow-up intervals. Initially tested with Pakeha, with adaptations, the treatment was found to be equally helpful for children and families of Maori, Pacific and other cultures. The results support the use of evidence-based treatments and research in child abuse and child protection settings, and highlight the contribution psychologists can make to ensure quality outcomes for this vulnerable population.

Fleetwood, Damien (PhD, Molecular Genetics, 2007)

"Molecular characterisation of the EAS gene cluster for ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in epichloë fungal endophytes of grasses"

Mr Fleetwood characterised genetic determinants for the production of ergot alkaloids by epichloë fungal endophytes of pasture grasses. These alkaloids are thought to deter some insects from pastures but are also toxic to grazing stock. Mr Fleetwood isolated a cluster of eas genes proposed to be required for ergot alkaloid biosynthesis from the fungus. The research showed that this cluster was interspersed with many different, selfish, DNA elements and was linked with two previously identified ergot alkaloid genes. Functional research confirmed the role of one of the eas genes in ergot alkaloid biochemistry and provided insight into the gene’s regulation and the role of ergot alkaloids in insect feeding deterrence. The thesis provides a genetic foundation for understanding further biochemical steps in the ergot alkaloid pathway, the ecological role of individual alkaloid compounds and the evolution of eas genes and their regulation in the host plant.

Flint-Hartle, Susan Lynne (PhD, Property, 2007)

"Franchising in the Real Estate Agency sector: Multiple perspectives and converging angles of inquiry"

Mrs Flint-Hartle examined the nature of business format franchising in real estate agency. Her research had three main aims: firstly, to broaden explanation of franchise strategy in a specific sector; secondly, to extend debate linking franchising and the entrepreneurship domain; and thirdly, to expand previous restrictive methodological approaches in the field. Following a sequential mixed methodological process, Mrs Flint-Hartle explored real estate from multiple angles of inquiry. Her research showed the competitive nature of the real estate industry to be suited to the franchise form and her consideration of the perspectives of both parties to the franchise contract revealed a complex interdependency between two types of entrepreneurs engaged in parallel business venturing. In considering the franchisor as system initiator and the franchisee as system implementer, she concluded that the joint development of resource competency typified franchising in the sector and enhanced competitive advantage. Mrs Flint-Hartle’s research revealed that real estate franchise systems not only offer market participants standardisation and quality control but also demonstrate innovation and wealth creation compatible with accepted entrepreneurship constructs.

Foliaki, Sunia (PhD, Public Health, 2007)

"Epidermiology of Asthma in selected Pacific countries"

Mr Foliaki studied the prevalence of asthma among high school students in Tokelau, Samoa, Fiji, Tonga, Niue and Cook Islands using the standardised International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood methodology. He also conducted an intervention study in Tonga of the effectiveness of asthma self-management plans. Findings showed large variations in asthma prevalence between the participating countries, but all countries showed lower asthma prevalence than that previously seen among Pacific populations in New Zealand. This outcome suggests that environmental factors play a major role. The research also provided hypotheses for future research on risk factors for asthma, as well as a baseline for determining trends in asthma prevalence, in the Pacific. The use of an asthma self management plan by asthmatics in Tonga resulted in significant reductions in asthma hospitalisations, improved lung functioning overall and acceptance by the community.

Foo, Koong Hean (PhD, Psychology, 2007)

"Comparing characteristics, practices and skills of mental health practitioners in New Zealand and Singapore: Implications for Chinese clients and cognitive behaviour therapy"

Mr Foo’s thesis compared the characteristics, self-reported practices and experiential skills of mental health practitioners (MHPs) in New Zealand and Singapore with the aim of benefiting both nations in managing the mentally ill. Mr Foo sent mail questionnaires to 300 MHPs, including counsellors, psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists, and social workers, in New Zealand and Singapore, and held structured interviews with 12 MHPs in each country. He found that MHPs in the two countries were trained similarly in Western therapies and interventions and that both groups had modified these therapies and interventions for their respective populations. This was particularly true with respect to treatments used with their Chinese clientele. Mr Foo also found that both groups of MHPs made extensive use of cognitive behaviour therapy. Finally, he found that both groups provided valuable experiential skills in the handling of therapist self-disclosure , religious/spiritual issues and the traditional healing systems of clients.

Freitag, Thurid (PhD, Veterinary Science, 2007)

"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli of dogs and cats: Pathotypic traits and susceptibility to Bacteriophages"

Ms Freitag examined canine and feline urinary Escherichia coli to gain insights into the pathogenesis of intractable urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. She also investigated whether naturally-occurring bacteriophages - viruses that are able to reduce the severity of bacteria - could be used to control these infections. Results showed that pathotypic traits of urinary E. coli are very diverse and can vary in different geographic regions. In particular, cats with multiple urinary tract infections have, more frequently than had previously been appreciated, relapsing or persistent infections caused by the same E. coli clone. Most of the canine and feline urinary E. coli with very diversepathotypic traits were susceptible to naturally-occurring phages. Ms Freitag concluded that phages show promise as therapeutic agents for the treatment of urinary tract infections in dogs and cats and, perhaps, other infections caused by urinary E. coli.

Gillies, Annemarie (PhD, Māori Studies, 2007)

"Kia Taupunga te Ngakau Māori: Anchoring Māori Health Workforce Potential"

Ms Gillies’ research explored Māori health workforce development as a positive determinant for Maori health. An examination of four Maori health workforce programmes in a medical school (Vision 20/20), a well-child programme (Tipu Ora), a mental health tertiary bursary scheme (Te Rau Puawai), and a health protection programme provided baseline data that was supplemented by an analysis of historic and contemporary policies and experiences. Ms Gillies was able to conclude that critical success factors for Maori workforce development include effective Māori leadership, the application of Māori values to workplace practices, levels of resourcing that are compatible with training and development, critical mass, and targeted policies and programmes. The thesis has important implications for both health and education policies and provides a rationale for a workforce that can effectively engage with Maori communities.

Goh, Tiong Thye (PhD, Information Systems, 2007)

"A framework for multiplatform e-learning systems"

Mr Goh’s thesis investigates emerging multiplatform e-learning systems that can deliver learning content to different accessing devices such as PCs, PDAs and mobile phones. The thesis focuses on the formulation, competency and constitution of the multiplatform e-learning systems framework and the implementation of a system. The thesis also addresses the factors that influence learner satisfaction during the learner’s engagement with a multiplatform e-learning system. A comparative evaluation between a traditional e-learning system and multiplatform e-learning system from an end user (learner) perspective was conducted. The evaluation instrument is based on multiplatform e-learning system questionnaires. Mr Goh’s research plays an important role for e-learning systems designers to develop and improve the adaptation process and to enhance the level of learner satisfaction and adoption in multiplatform e-learning systems.

Gordon, Barrie Arthur (PhD, Education, 2007)

"An evaluation of an implementation of the ‘responsibility model’ in a New Zealand secondary school physical education programme"

Mr Gordon examined a six-month implementation of the Responsibility Model (RM), an alternative approach to the teaching of physical education, in a New Zealand secondary school. The implementation was successful in developing positive, supportive, and well-behaved classes in physical education. The majority of students developed a greater understanding of personal and social responsibility and became more personally and socially responsible within the classroom. It was found that the addition of learning associated with personal and social responsibility did not disadvantage students in meeting traditional physical education curriculum goals. This study has a number of implications for teachers who are considering introducing the RM into their teaching. While the results indicate that the RM can be implemented successfully, the results also challenge the assumption that this is a relatively unproblematic process, identifying a number of areas of difficulty.

Harnett, Jennifer Anne (EdD, Education, 2007)

"Changing learning conversations: An action research model of reflective professional development"

Ms Harnett facilitated an action research study in two New Zealand primary school classrooms. The study investigated the effects of teacher knowledge and thinking on classroom learning conversations, while providing the participating teachers with opportunities to develop their professional knowledge and practice. Information was gathered through interviews and classroom observations. The findings revealed discrepancies between the teachers’ espoused theories and their theories-in-use, fragmented understanding of learning and assessment theory, and practice that was detrimentally influenced by routinised behaviours. These findings have implications for teacher education and development. Action research with an outside facilitator enabled the teachers to examine, reflect upon, and develop their classroom practice. After an initial regression there was a gradual improvement in the quality of the teachers’ learning conversations. Ms Harnett’s study, while highlighting the time required to effect change in teacher practice, demonstrated the effectiveness of classroom-based action research as a model for reflective professional development.

Houston, Donald James Houston (PhD, Educational Studies, 2007)

"Exploring quality in a university: A critical systems approach"

Mr Houston adopted a critical systems approach to exploring quality in a university. Grounded in a critique of prevailing models of quality management in higher education, his thesis makes a case for local intervention. This intervention is based on an action research/Total Systems Intervention paradigm. The thesis presents participant accounts of the quality issue and Mr Houston’s efforts to promote and then document a number of cycles of action research within a university unit. These cycles comprised data gathering and consulting with participants, analysis and reflection, structural or process intervention and evaluation. Systems concepts and approaches, including boundary critique, the Viable Systems model and idealised planning are applied. The study concludes with a reflection on the fit between the selected approach and the university's continuing challenge to ensure quality.

Hucker, Graham John (PhD, History, 2007)

"The rural home front: A New Zealand region and the Great War, 1914-1926"

Mr Hucker’s research focused on the rural home front in Taranaki during and immediately after the First World War. The aim was to assess the impact and effects of the war on the lives of civilians at a regional level. His thesis argued that even though New Zealand was geographically distant from the battlefields, civilians in the towns and countryside experienced the war too, albeit differently from the soldiers. Using mainly primary sources that included official documents, diaries, letters and newspapers, this study examined a range of topics that included war enthusiasm, Gallipoli, conscription, marriage, labour supply, popular culture and memorials. The results showed that diversity rather than homogeneity characterized civilian experiences; that amidst abnormal circumstances, rural society attempted to maintain normality, and that the impact and effects are evident in the cultural landscape of remembrance.

Hussain, Zaker (PhD, Agroforestry, 2007)

"environmental effects of densely planted willow and poplar in a Silvopastoral System"

Mr Hussain’s research focused on the environmental effects of densely planted young willow and poplar trees as options for reducing soil erosion and nutrient losses from grazed and fertilised pastoral lands. These events affect New Zealand’s downstream water quality. The effects of willow and poplar trees on soil water content and understorey pasture growth were also studied. The findings of the study encourage the planting of trees to reduce surface runoff, soil erosion and nutrient losses from farms. However, trees can limit pasture growth through shade and soil water deficit but their negative effects can be minimised through canopy and tree density management. The timing and intensity of livestock grazing and the use of N and P fertilisers need managerial skills and scientific knowledge to avoid their deleterious effects on New Zealand waters.

Jahnke, Robert Hans George (PhD, Maori Studies, 2007)

"He Tataitanga ahus toi: The house that Riwai built / a continuum of Maori art"

Professor Jahnke’s research investigated Maori art within historical and contemporary tribal contexts in order to identify its distinguishing characteristics. Form, content and genealogy were triangulated into a series of interwoven strands that formed a paradigm for Maori cultural relativity and relevance. This paradigm, Te Tataitanga Kaupapa Toi, led to the evolution of a trans-cultural framework that incorporated six key indices: genealogy, knowledge, appearance, process, site and protocol. The research showed that in the absence of visual correspondence and empathy, content must be made explicit. However, the research findings concluded that because form and content are not necessarily conditioned by ethnicity, the genealogy of the artist is a further critical determinant for resonance.

Jeong, Jinsoo (PhD, Information Engineering, 2007)

"A kepstrum approach to a real-time speech enhancement"

Mr Jeong proposed a robust method for improved performance of real-time speech enhancement and noise cancellation in a real reverberant environment. Hepresented the kepstrum approach, based on a fundamental theory of kepstrum analysis, and its application to a speech enhancement method. Kepstrum analysis was applied to system identification of unknown acoustic transfer functions between two microphones, with a modified application technique from conventional adaptive noise cancelling and beamforming. This kepstrum method provided a mathematical construct with FFT based processing and was independent of acoustic path model order. The research has shown that the front-end application of the kepstrum method to speech enhancement methods provides an improved performance in speech enhancement and noise cancellation with several favourable effects.

Jervis, Bernard, (PhD, Social Anthropology, 2007)

"Kapija: Case study of a Bosnian community’s initiative for re-building peace"

Mr Jervis examined a community initiative for re-building peace in Tuzla, Bosnia, following ethnic conflict during 1992-95. The research was based on a specific incident involving the killing of 71 young people when a shell exploded in the town square on 25 May 1995. Families of those killed, community leaders and others were interviewed. The families of those killed buried them together irrespective of ethnic background in the face of political and religious opposition. Findings showed that this ‘grass-roots’ initiative reinforced a long-established tradition of inter-ethnic tolerance and harmony in Tuzla. This denied the perpetrators’ objective, which was to divide the community into taking sides in the wider conflict occurring within their country. The study increases our understanding of how people experience, memorialize and move beyond violence. This research makes a contribution to the anthropology of peace and conflict, restorative justice and Balkan history.

Jitsoonthornchaikul, Arthorn (PhD, Management System, 2007)

"A comparison of Environmental Management System (EMS) applied by large manufacturing companies in Amata Nakron Industrial Town and other areas of Chonburi Province, Thailand"

Mr Jitsoonthornchaikul’s research focused on the environmental management system (EMS) used by large manufacturing companies. The main purpose of the study was to identify the major dimensions of environmental management quality, by sampling the perceptions of four groups of stakeholders: government officers from the government agencies concerned about environmental policy, top management in the manufacturing companies, the manufacturers’ staff at management level, and the communities. The research identified three main factors that may effect the achievement of environmental management within manufacturers: the human factor (knowledge and consciousness about the environment); the processes factor (green production and EMS processes); and the legislation factor (environmental standard, monitoring and enforcement system).

Johnston, Robyn (PhD, Plant Biology, 2007)

"Characterisation of the maize leaf patterning mutants Wavy auricle in blade1-R and milkweed pod1-R"

Ms Johnston’s thesis focussed on developmental mechanisms in maize leaf development. Microscopy, genetics and molecular techniques were used to analyse two mutants that exhibit development defects. The first mutant, Wavy auricle in blade1, develops tissues, normally found at the base of the leaf, in positions further along the leaf blade. Results suggest that this mutation interferes with patterning of the growth axis that runs from the base to the tip of the leaf. The second mutant, milkweed pod1, displaces cell-types, normally found on the upper side of the leaf, to the lower side. This phenotype suggests that the non-mutant gene function may be to specify lower-side identity during normal leaf development. By characterising the leaf patterning defects conditioned by these mutants, Ms Johnston’s research has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in normal maize leaf development.

Kayed, Rasem Najib (PhD, Development Studies, 2007)

"Islamic Entrepreneurship: A case study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"

Mr. Kayed explored entrepreneurship from an Islamic perspective within the Saudi Arabia context. Despite the prophecy of modernisation theories of development and the prevalent orthodox view that Islam is intrinsically anti-modernisation and anti-development, findings suggest no evidence of incompatibility between Islamic values and entrepreneurship. A lack of entrepreneurial dynamism in Saudi Arabia cannot be attributed to adherence to Islamic values and business ethics. Rather, this lack can be linked to the state’s failure to assimilate the implication of entrepreneurship and, consequently, the state’s failure to integrate Islamic values into its developmental process. Mr Kayed’s thesis emphasises a rethinking of the current official approach to entrepreneurship, and highlights the need to devise an entrepreneurship policy that draws from local experiences and cultural values. The exact form, scope and nature of government intervention should be mapped in line with the findings of future policy-oriented research.

Kirchberg, Markus (PhD, Information Systems, 2007)

"DBPQL: An integrated database programming and query language for object bases"

Mr Kirchberg's thesis investigated the integration of traditional database concepts, database query languages and object-oriented programming languages into a uniform database programming language. While existing languages mainly adopt an embedded approach, integrated approaches are superior with regards to performance, resource consumption and usability. Mr Kirchberg developed an intermediate-level database programming and querying language, together with a suitable run-time environment. This process permits an efficient and effective evaluation of an integrated language in a distributed database environment. The results are likely to impact on the practice of future database management systems.

Knack, Adrain Peter (PhD, Production Technology, 2007)

"Design and Implementation of HTS Technology for Cellular Base Stations: An Investigation into Improving Cellular Communication"

Mr Knack investigated if, and under what circumstances, high temperature superconductivity technology improves cellular communication. By developing a cryogenic receiver front end which included a high temperature superconducting filter and a low noise amplifier, Mr Knack was able to analyse field tests to investigate the performance of superconducting filters. A Code-Division Multiple Access Uplink Model was also developed to analyse diverse environmental situations and compare different front end technologies. Findings suggested that high temperature superconducting filter technology can be useful in current day cellular networks. However, due to their high cost, they are only justified in certain locations. Nevertheless, high temperature superconducting filter technology may be of great importance in the design and implementation of future, spectrum friendly, wireless communications systems. Novel applications of Mr Knack’s work are proposed in the thesis.

Knapp, Michael (PhD, Plant Biology, 2007)

"Discontinuous distributions of iconic New Zealand plant taxa and their implications for Southern Hemisphere biogeography"

Mr Knapp studied the history of New Zealand Beeches and Kauri and their closest overseas relatives using genetic and fossil data. He found that modern beeches, a group long considered as an icon of New Zealand’s Gondwanan heritage, did arrive on the archipelago only 20 - 30 million years ago, 50 million years after it separated from the ancient super continent. However, Kauri was identified as a potential Gondwanan relict, rejecting the hypothesis of a temporary, complete submergence of New Zealand. Using similar data, Mr Knapp reconstructed the population history of the four New Zealand beech species, and identified tectonic processes and climate change of the last 5 million years as the main factors shaping present day distribution. His results have increased our understanding of the biogeographic history and diversity of New Zealand forests and contributed to describing the effects of Pleistocene climate change on New Zealand flora.

Koehler, Henning (PhD, Information Systems, 2007)

"On fast and space: Efficient database normalization"

Mr Koehler studied new methods for designing good databases. This resulted in the characterization of database designs that minimize the amount of space required for storing data, which was strongly related to the elimination of redundancy. Furthermore, fast algorithms were developed to solve several problems of high computational complexity, arising during the design process. These algorithms can be used in automated design tools to facilitate the development of large database systems.

Kshatri, Bhoj Bahadur (PhD, Plant Science, 2007)

"Evaluation of multipurpose fodder trees in Nepal"

Mr Kshatri studied the selection and management of multi-purpose fodder tree species for use in the Himalayan foothills. In Nepal, land degradation due to overexploitation of natural forest is a serious problem. Mr Kshatri based his study on indigenous knowledge derived from workshop discussions with local Nepalese farmers. He then worked in Nepal and New Zealand on the establishment, longevity and biomass production of fodder trees and the nutritive value to lactating buffalo and the palatability to sheep of alternative browse trees. Mr Kshatri believes that both the methods used and the results obtained will have a significant impact by informing researchers and development workers of the scope for land restoration and stability of livestock production in Nepal.

Kühn (Kuehn), Janina (PhD, Food Technology, 2007)

"Studies on interaction of milk proteins with flavour compounds"

Ms Kühn investigated the interactions between milk proteins and flavour compounds, and factors which influence these interactions. The in-mouth release of a flavour compound from commonly used milk protein products, and the effect of viscosity on flavour release were also studied. Results demonstrated that the extent of interactions was very dependent on the nature of the protein and flavour compound, on heat and high pressure processing, and pH. During mastication, flavour compounds can be released from proteins, especially in viscous systems. The findings contribute to the knowledge of the interactions that occur between flavour compounds and proteins. This is required to improve food flavouring and to make protein based foods, for example low-fat dairy products, more sensorily acceptable to the consumer. The results also emphasize a careful choice of food processing conditions, such as temperature, high pressure or pH, to obtain a desirable flavour profile.

Lahood, Gregg Allen (PhD, Social Anthropology, 2007)

"Bearing in Mind: Birth, Fathers, Ritual, and ‘Reproductive Consciousness’ inTranspersonal Anthropological Perspective"

Mr Lahood’s thesis provides an exploration of ‘unusual’ psycho-spiritual experiences among a small group of procreative fathering males in New Zealand and the viewing of these experiences through a transpersonal anthropological lens. Frequently, participants’ narratives suggested psychological encounters with death and transpersonal states of consciousness. The research examined these states of consciousness, the broad cultural context from which they arose and their relationship to birthing. Two basic themes were explored: 1) the social shaping of birth as a transpersonal event and ritual at the time fathers joined their partners in birthing during the late 1960s; and 2) an investigation of the transpersonal experience itself. Such phenomena may have wide anthropological ramifications which opens a third theme for exploration: the possible parallels with more traditional, shamanistic, and/or indigenous midwifery, symbolic obstetrical manoeuvres, and ultimately, religious practices.

Lamont, Allison (PhD, Psychology, 2007)

"Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Analyses of the Effects of Aging on Memory in Healthy Young, Middle-aged, and Oldest-old adults"

Ms Lamont’s research investigated multiple memory systems across the lifespan, with particular emphasis on our oldest-old citizens - those in their late ninth and tenth decades of life. A sample of 126 healthy, community-dwelling young, middle-aged, and oldest-old (85 years and over) adults completed a comprehensive memory test on two occasions. Results were analysed cross-sectionally at each test wave, and longitudinally over the two-year inter-test interval. Although different types of memory are differentially affected by aging, the results showed a sharp, nonlinear drop in memory after the age of 85 years, even for healthy adults without dementia or illness. Verbal and nonverbal recall, working memory, and prospective memory were most affected. This has implications for the continued independence of adults of very advanced age, and long-term planning for this fast-growing sector of the New Zealand population.

Lin, Taiyu (PhD, Information Systems, 2007)

"cognitive Trait Model for Adaptive Learning Environments"

Mr Lin's thesis led to the development of a cognitive trait model, which offers an innovative student modelling approach. The cognitive trait model is a domain-independent and persistent student model suitable for the practice of life-long learning and student-oriented learning systems. In the model, three cognitive traits, namely, working memory capacity, inductive reasoning ability and divergent associative learning, are included. The model uses students' online learning behaviours to find out their cognitive traits. This model can then be utilised by adaptive virtual learning environments to tailor the learning materials according to the cognitive traits of students. Evaluations conducted with psychometric tools proved the effectiveness of Mr Lin’s cognitive trait modelling and revealed important insights about the three cognitive traits.

Lawrence, Hayden (PhD, Agricultural Engineering, 2007)

"Adoption of precision agriculture technologies for fertiliser placement in New Zealand"

Mr Lawrence investigated the adoption of precision agricultural technologies for fertiliser placement. This study began by examining the current statistical validity of fertiliser spreader testing systems available throughout the world. Secondly, a GIS methodology was developed to map levels of field nutrient application from spreading vehicles. Finally, the economic effect of spreading fertiliser both with and without the use of precision technology was evaluated. Mr Lawrence highlighted the difficulties in achieving accurate field nutrient application; however, by developing the ability to quantify field performance, economic opportunities could be evaluated. There was a strong agronomic and economic case for the implementation of precision agricultural technologies in the New Zealand agricultural industry. However, the agronomic and economic benefits would be difficult to deliver, given the current range of equipment used within the New Zealand agricultural industry.

Lu, Guangjin (PhD, Food Technology, 2007)

"A Novel Approach for Controlling Foodborne Pathogens Using Modified Atmosphere and Lactobacillus reuteri DPC16"

Mr Lu investigated a novel strategy by using controlled atmosphere (CA) in combination with lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus reuteri DPC16, to control common foodborne pathogens, and, therefore, enhance the safety and extend the shelf life of seafood products. His results showed that CA significantly reduced the growths of all tested foodborne pathogens. He also demonstrated the antimicrobial activity ofLactobacillus reuteri DPC16 against these pathogens through the production of antimicrobial compound reuterin. A combined inhibitory effect on L. monocytogenes was achieved through a combination of L. reuteri DPC16 and CA, which could not be achieved by any one of the individual factors alone. Based on these findings, it is proposed that a comprehensive and novel strategy, incorporating L. reuteri DPC16 and a controlled atmosphere, could be developed to control foodborne pathogens in seafood products.

Ma, Hui (PhD, Information Systems, 2007)

"Distribution design for complex value databases"

Ms Ma investigated a method for designing distributed databases which guarantee performance gains in executing the most relevant queries. While most existing methods adopt an ad-hoc approach, in which the optimisation of queries is neglected, Ms Ma combined standard distribution techniques, such as fragmentation and allocation, with known query optimisation techniques. In doing so, she was able to show that the problem can be separated and only very simple queries have to be dealt with. On these grounds, she developed further heuristic design algorithms. The results are likely to revive the research on distributed databases and impact on the practice of future database systems.

Macpherson, Terry Alan (PhD, Marketing, 2007)

"The search for a robust measure of road safety advertising effectiveness"

Mr Macpherson examined the use of econometric models of road safety television advertising. Previous evaluations of the effectiveness of advertising campaigns have been sometimes conflicting and the models used have varied in terms of data and method, making comparisons difficult. Original evaluation procedures were replicated using a single data set. Procedures were then extended using a series of road safety outcomes. After demonstrating that the original single-equation measures were unable to produce consistent advertising estimates, a multiple-equation approach was undertaken. It was concluded that drawing any robust measure of the effectiveness of road safety advertising using non-experimental data, with either single or multiple-equation models, was unfeasible. Policy makers are advised to adopt an experimental approach constructed around a strictly controlled and measured outcome that is closely linked to the road safety advertising campaign objectives.

Martyn, Karen Stacie (PhD, Management, 2007)

"Decision making on a corporate board: Inside the Black Box"

Ms Martyn researched how boards make decisions, the factors that contribute to effective board decision-making and what tools and techniques improve board decision-making. There were three main aims: first, to investigate those factors that directors thought contributed to their board's successful and unsuccessful decision-making; second, to observe how a board actually makes decisions; and third, to determine whether training and usage of a decision-making method might improve a board's decision-making process. Ms Martyn observed a successful, publicly listed corporate board in action, interviewed and surveyed the directors and senior management team, and administered an emotional intelligence test to all board members. Results showed the decision making method contributed to better decision-making. Emotional intelligence testing revealed levels sufficient to assist in positive board dynamics. Findings support the application of small group decision making research for board research.

Mataamua, Rangianehu (PhD, Māori Studies, 2007)

"Māori radio and Language revitalisation"

Ko te tuhinga roa whakapae a Rangi Mataamua mo te tohu kairangi e whakatakoto ana i te tāhū kōrero, i whai wāhi te reo irirangi Māori ki te whakapāoho, whakaora, whakahāhaka whakamua i te reo Māori ki te iwi Māori me te Pākehā. I whakatūria te reo irirangi Māori, tētahi o ngā peka whakaora i te reo Māori, tōnā ahurea, whakawhiti kōrero kia tiakina, kia whakanuia. Nā runga i te manawapā o te iwi Māori ka tukitukia te pō, te awatea kia rewa ake he reo irirangi Māori. No te tau 1981 ka whānau mai te reo irirangi o Te Ūpoko-o-te-Ika ka tipu ētahi atu reo irirangi Māori o te motu i muri mai. Ināianei rua tekau mā tahi ngā reo irirangi Māori kei raro i te maru kaiwhakahaere o Te Māngai Pāho. I roto i ngā tau e rima ka tātari, ka rangahautia, ka whakakitea e te tuhinga roa kairangi a Rangi Mataamua tā te Māori ake, tuku kōrero ki tēnā whakatipuranga, ki tēnā whakatipuranga, te momo reo e hīatotia ana, kōrero tuku iho, wawata torangapū, me ngā tūmanako o te iwi Māori mo ngā reo irirangi. Nā tēnei tuhinga roa i whakaatu, āe, i whai wāhi te reo irirangi Māori o te motu ki te whakatipu, whakapakari i te reo Māori.

Mr Mataamua investigated the perspective that Māori radio, in a historical and contemporary sense, has contributed to Māori language transmission, revitalisation and advancement for Māori and Pākehā audiences. Māori radio was established on the premise of Māori language and cultural communication, preservation and development. Since the establishment of the first Māori radio station, Te Ūpoko-o-Te Ika, in 1988, a considerable expansion in Māori radio stations has occurred. At present, there are 21 Te Māngai Pāho-funded Māori radio stations broadcasting in Aotearoa New Zealand. Through an extensive analysis of qualitative and quantitative data over five years of Māori radio, Mr Mataamua demonstrated the perspective of Māori inter-generation audience participation and language preference, knowledge, historical relationships, political ambitions, and tribal aspirations. The thesis confirmed that Māori radio had contributed to the position of Māori language revitalisation.

McLeod, Jeremy Stewart (PhD, Process Engineering, 2007)

"Crystallisation of Lactose"

Mr McLeod focused on the nucleation and growth kinetics of alpha lactose monohydrate. Lactose represents approximately one third of the total solids in bovine milk and is recovered from whey and whey permeates using crystallisation. A model has been produced that can predict the changing concentration profile as lactose crystallises from an industrial solution. The primary nucleation of alpha lactose monohydrate was investigated. The work identified the changing relationship, which occurs with increasing supersaturation, as lactose nucleation moves from being dominated by the heterogeneous mechanism to the homogenous mechanism. The effect of mixing on the primary nucleation rate was studied using a Rushton turbine and a Venturi to agitate the system. Increasing the agitation rate increased the frequency of activated molecular collisions, but the critical nucleus size remained constant. A strong correlation was found, for both mixing systems, between the nucleation rate and the frequency of vortex shedding.

Meas, Pyseth (PhD, Agricultural Engineering, 2007)

"Mathematical modeling and improvement of operating practices of sun drying rice"

Mr Meas’ research focused on the optimisation of low cost rice, sun-drying systems used in rural Cambodia. Seven sets of sun-drying experiments were conducted in Cambodia using a range of methods, practised by rice farmers. A mechanistic mathematical model of the heat and moisture transport, within the rice bed, was developed. The model was shown to accurately represent the drying process. The model was used to predict the drying time and to identify factors that affected or were correlated with head rice yield, which is the key rice quality metric. The research allows for the determination of the optimum drying conditions for best rice quality, combined with the fastest practical drying rate. Research results will be used to formulate practical advice to Cambodian rice farmers.

Meares, Carina (PhD, Sociology, 2007)

"From the Rainbow Nation to the Land of the Long White Cloud: Migration, Gender and Biography"

Dr Meares used a biographical narrative method to describe and analyse the gendered experience of migration from South Africa to New Zealand. She conducted in-depth interviews with South African migrants from divergent groups, intensively analysed their ‘migration stories’ and generated a series of detailed individual case studies. After noting the incidence of migration-related disruption across each of the case studies, she used the idea of biographical disruption to develop new ways of describing, explaining and representing the gendered experience of international migration. Dr Meares used these tools to examine the effect of migration on the gender dynamics of South African migrants’ intimate relationships, concluding that international migration affects gender dynamics in diverse and sometimes contradictory ways.

Millner, James Peter (PhD, Plant Science, 2007)

"Performance of Eucalyptus in hill country"

Eucalyptus species which produce high density, naturally durable wood have much potential in New Zealand. However, many eucalypts are sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature and solar radiation, which vary with slope aspect and position in hill country. Mr Millner compared twelve species on Manawatu hill country. Growth was strongly seasonal in all species; diameter growth was highest in spring whereas height growth peaked in summer. Growth was least during winter. Height and diameter were higher on the sunny than shady face in all species. Seasonal and aspect effects on growth were strongly related to variation in solar radiation. There were large species’ differences in growth and wood density but none rated highly for both traits. Implications for tree growers are that harvest age may vary with slope aspect and that production of high quality wood requires the selection of less productive species.

Mohammed, Kassim Mohammed Mahmoud (PhD, Management, 2007)

"Managing risk: A case study of a non-government organisation that provides long-term care and support services for people with mental, intellectual and physical disabilities"

Mr Mohammed examined the way employees perceive risk in a non-governmental organisation, which provides healthcare and support for people with mental, intellectual and physical disabilities. Thirty-four respondents from all levels and services within a non-government organisation participated. In-depth, semi-structured interviews explored the following: the meaning of risk from participants’ viewpoints, participants’ perspectives about types and sources of risk in their work, initiatives for dealing with risk, and the role of training in improving employees’ awareness in controlling risk. Additional information was obtained from documentation and personal observation.

Emerging themes from the data analysis pointed to the interrelated link between perception and risk. The study found that risk is culturally-constructed, individualistic, and subjective. Therefore, for effective risk management, all perspectives should be considered. This requires a participatory system of managing risk, improving people’s awareness about risk, and modifying the culture of risk.

Mongkhonsiri, Pitsini (PhD, Nursing, 2007)

"The mindful self: Sense of self and health-promoting lifestyle behaviours among Thai College women"

Ms Mongkhonsiri explored concepts of self and the impact of Thai culture on the motivation of third and fourth year female tertiary students to engage in health-promoting behaviours. Initially, relationships between measures of sense of coherence, identity status and health-promoting lifestyle behaviours were explored with 350 students. The reported rate of engagement in health-promoting behaviours was moderate, a finding consistent with other studies of female tertiary students in Asia, Canada and the USA. Sense of coherence and identity status contributed 27% of the variance in reported health-promoting behaviours. In the second phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 students. Thematic analysis revealed the strong impact of Buddhist-based traditions and common societal values on participants’ sense of self and their health-related behaviours. Strategies designed to promote healthy behaviours in Thai tertiary educated women need to take these cultural influences into account.

Monroe, Sondra (PhD, Strategic Management, 2007)

"The impact of resource governance decisions on Firm performance: What is corporate strategy and does it matter?"

Ms Monroe’s research investigated whether corporate strategy contributes to firm performance. Fifteen Fortune 1000 U.S. firms were categorised into three sub-populations based on persistent superior, persistent average and persistent inferior performance. Eighteen pre-determined indicators representing both excellence in corporate strategy and the frequency of strategic decision making were collected through the content analysis of Wall Street Journal articles from 1980 to 2004. Ms Monroe’s research showed that the number of resource governance decisions could distinguish the superior firm performance category from both average and inferior categories of firm performance. The corporate level decision making skill perspective suggests that successful firms, through the use of their superior corporate level decision making skills, are able to simplify resource governance decision making (e.g., decision making rules). This simplification then results in superior resource governance decisions which appear to lower the rate of resource governance decision making. Ms Monroe’s research provides empirical evidence of, firstly, the value of corporate level strategy; secondly, the importance of resource governance decisions in achieving persistent superior firm performance; and, lastly, the need for integration of superior decision making skills into the existing resource-based theory.

Moore, David John (PhD, Management Systems and Ergonomics, 2007)

"A systems analysis of quadbike Loss of Control Events (LCE) on New Zealand farms"

Mr Moore investigated the context, scale and cost of loss of control events (LCE) involving quadbikes on New Zealand farms. The single, greatest area of concern in farm safety, identified by the Department of Labour, is the 70,000 quadbikes in use in New Zealand; each year there are on average seven deaths and in excess of NZ$3.6 million paid out by ACC for quadbike-related injuries. Mr Moore used a systems approach for off-road investigations, involving a modified event sequence chart, which was drawn from the ergonomics, forensic psychology and aviation fields. Environmental context-dependent cues and scale models were used to assist recall. An interactive quadbike LCE model was also developed for analysis. The research identified the need for interventions relating to farm management, work organisation, regulation, vehicle design, and rider awareness. Research findings aim to help reduce injuries in the future.

Muhamad, NoorZaid (PhD, Physiology, 2007)

"Nitrogen metabolism in Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) circumcincta"

Mr Noorzaid investigated the enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in abomasal parasites of sheep. Increasing resistance to chemical drenches by nematode parasites in sheep has led to the need to identify new targets for worm control. Relatively little is known about the enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in abomasal parasites of sheep, particularly Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) circumcincta, despite their potential for exploitation. Kinetic properties of key enzymes involved in the metabolism of arginine, urea, alanine, aspartate and glutamate were studied in free-living, third-stage larvae and in adult worms. Parasite metabolism differed in many ways from the parasite metabolism within the mammalian host. The most important findings were the identification of three enzymes in the parasites: creatinase, aspartase and glutamate synthase. These enzymes are not believed to be expressed in the sheep host or other mammals, making them possible candidates for developing novel therapies.

Naylor, Michael John (PhD, International Finance, 2007)

"A network topological approach to currency cascades"

Mr Naylor’s thesis focused on price instability and crises in currency markets. A set of stylised facts, common to recent currency crises, was proposed. Theories and methodologies evolved in complexity and network sciences were shown to offer insights to finance. The thesis demonstrated that price influences in currency markets exhibit characteristics of a complex network. An alternative approach to currency cascades using sparsely clustered networks was offered, which was shown to be useful. Price influences in currency markets were mapped, and were then examined in relation to currency crises. Analysis was carried out on interesting aspects surrounding why currency crises occur and what policymakers can do to hinder such events. Mr Naylors’ findings serve to increase our understanding of price dynamics in financial markets.

Nightingale, Richard Beresford (PhD, Social and Cultural Studies, 2007)

"Maori at work: The shaping of a Maori workforce within the New Zealand state 1935-1975"

Mr Nightingale examined the dynamics of shaping a Maori workforce within New Zealand from 1935 - 1975, as an outcome of colonial engagements under the capitalist system. Maori labour formed a second stage in terms of the need for industrial labour power for manufacturing production, particularly after World War II. A plethora of government initiatives were unilaterally justified on the grounds of progress, perceived to be for the benefit of Maori and the nation. These policies were instituted during a period of enormous change in Maori society and in the configuration of relationships between Maori and Pakeha. The thesis identified the nature and form of Maori responses to government policies. In particular, the retreat by Maori from issues of class deprivation to the promotion of issues that centred on loss of land, language and culture are noted.

Obren, Mark Peter (DBA, Strategy, 2007)

"Linking increasing returns and industry level change"

Mr Obren examined long-term change in industries through so-called increasing returns, caused by products produced with high information value and by the effect of infrastructure networks on the delivery of products and services to customers. Such industries experienced a higher rate of change than others. The rate of change in industries was accelerated by prior change for up to twenty years, leading to long term waves of increasing and decreasing amounts of change within an industry. Mr Obren contends that the increasing separation of information from physical products in many industries increases the impact of information upon change. Consequently, industries will experience increased rates of change. This research has international relevance for business professionals. It offers them guidance on selecting the most appropriate strategy models to compete and acts as a new basis for competition. Further, it assists academics to effectively position future research.

Okorley, Ernest Laryea (PhD, Agricultural Extension, 2007)

"An operational framework for improving decentralised agricultural extension: A Ghanaian case study"

Mr Okorley identified factors critical for improving a decentralised agricultural extension. Using a Ghanaian case study of a government extension organization, his study emphasised the importance of external and internal factors. External factors included the political will to decentralise, the level of decentralisation of other government departments, the provision of a clear legal framework for decentralisation, and the existence of established institutions willing to support the decentralisation process. The study confirmed the importance of internal factors reported in the literature: stakeholder participation, managerial and technical capacity, operational funding, and accountability. Other related factors, not previously reported, were also identified. These included the need to develop a needs-based extension programme, expand the extension service focus and roles, foster a cross-sector pluralistic extension approach, and use needs-based groups in service delivery. Findings have implications for theory development to guide decentralised agricultural extension services seeking to improve their performance.

Paddison, Charlotte (PhD, Psychology, 2007)

"Type 2 Diabetes: Understanding the Self-Regulatory Experience"

Dr Paddison investigated type 2 diabetes using a psychological approach grounded in self-regulatory theory. Diabetes mellitus is usually described as a long-term physical illness, and biomedical perspectives predominate in published diabetes research. This study adds to accumulating knowledge about diabetes by addressing an identifiable gap in the literature, namely, an understanding of the psychological processes involved in managing type 2 diabetes. Psychological variables were shown to explain differences in metabolic control, quality of life, and diabetes-related distress. Individual perceptions of diabetes, and relationships with family and health professionals were linked to differences in self-care behaviour. Dr. Paddison’s research demonstrates that psychological and social factors are important in helping people with diabetes stay well.

Paine, Te Hereripine Sarah-Jane Elizabeth (PhD, Public Health, 2007)

"Towards a balanced and ethically responsible approach to understanding differences in sleep timing"

Dr Paine’s research focussed on whether differences in sleep timing are related to differences in the circadian biological clock or driven by societal demands, such as work patterns and family commitments. It found that morning-type people slept earlier and had an earlier biological clock, compared to evening types. Both groups used the weekend to catch up on their sleep, although this practice was more evident for evening types. There is increasing scientific interest in the genetic basis of sleep timing, and this research provides good evidence to support this work. However little consideration has been given to the ethical implications of this type of work. Using a kaupapa Maori framework, Dr Paine also investigated Maori hopes and concerns for genetic research in Aotearoa/New Zealand. She found that the Maori community affirm research that advances health and wellbeing, as defined by Maori. However the issues raised in this study are complex, and ultimately about Maori indigenous rights and sovereignty in research.

Parsons (nee Gavigan), Rosanne M (EdD, 2007)

"External Evaluation in New Zealand Schooling"

Ms Parsons’ research examined how the Education Review Office’s (ERO) approach to external evaluation assists schools to improve, and the effect of external evaluation on two schools over time. The findings show that ERO’s approach can assist a school to improve but that the approach has a differential influence in each review context. School review history and the complex interaction between reviewer practice, school conditions and participants during the review process, influenced how participants responded to the review and how the review assisted a school to improve. A tentative theory of education review is proposed that posits the review as situational, and its influence as socially constructed and mediated through a process of engagement between two organisations with a common purpose. This research expands our understanding of the relationship between external evaluation and school improvement.

Patel, Hasmukh (PhD, Food Technology, 2007)

"Studies on heat- and pressure-induced interactions of milk proteins"

Mr Patel investigated the effects of heat and high pressure treatments on the interactions of individual milk proteins. Many foods, such as pasteurised or sterilised milk, are traditionally preserved using heat treatments. These treatments often damage vitamins, denature proteins, and change the flavour and taste of food. In contrast to heat treatments, non-thermal technologies such as high pressure processing have minimum effects on the sensory and nutritional quality of the final products. Mr Patel demonstrated that heat and high pressure have different effects on milk proteins at a molecular level. This knowledge can be applied to modify the functional properties of food. In turn, these outcomes can be used to create new products with specific advantages, including texture modifications in yoghurt.

Perera, Kalyani (PhD, Veterinary Microbiology, 2007)

"Characterisation of a secreted immunogenic protein, phase-1 flagellin (Flic) of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica Brandenburg"

The bacterium Salmonella Brandenburg is a major cause of abortions in sheep in New Zealand’s South Island. Ms Perera’s project was carried out to identify immunogenic proteins of S. Brandenburg for their usefulness in diagnostic tests and vaccines. The phase-1 flagellin (FliC) gene was isolated from a gene library and selected for further characterisation to understand immune responses in sheep to FliC protein. Sera from vaccinated sheep and naturally infected sheep both had antibodies against FliC. Consequently, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of serum antibodies against FliC in naturally infected sheep. A further assay was developed targeting four genes, including phase-1 FliC, for the identification of S. Brandenburg in pure cultures. The assay correctly identified S. Brandenburg with a specificity and sensitivity of 100%, suggesting the assay may also be a useful tool in the surveillance of this pathogen.

Pickering, Andrea Hilary (PhD, Plant Science, 2007)

"Factors affecting the predisposition of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L,) to the physiological disorder, bunch stem necrosis"

Ms Pickering’s research investigated factors which predispose grape bunches to a disorder known as bunch stem necrosis (BSN). This disorder is detrimental to fruit development, and therefore to wine quality. Field trials and controlled environment studies showed that the three week period after flowering is a critical time in berry development where certain factors can predispose bunches to BSN. A strong positive correlation between vine vigour and BSN was found, with treatments that reduce vine vigour, such as root pruning, decreasing BSN. Environmental conditions around this critical time, including low light intensities, were found to increase BSN. It is suggested that competitive dominance of vegetative growth over the developing inflorescence and bunch for assimilates and/or nutrients is the primary mechanism involved. Future research can now focus on a smaller time frame in bunch development for more detailed investigations into the physiological mechanisms of BSN.

Pitta, Dipti Wilhelmina (PhD, Animal Science, 2007)

"Effects of willow (Salix spp.) browse upon ewe reproduction and rumen microbiology under drought feeding conditions"

Ms Pitta examined the utilisation of willow browse to improve the productive and reproductive performance of ewes under drought conditions. Summer/autumn droughts are a regular feature of the East Coast regions of New Zealand, with predicted severity in the future. Ewes mated on willow fodder blocks and ewes grazing low quality drought pasture during mating were compared on reproductive rate from lambing through to weaning. Ewes grazing willow fodder blocks had a consistent increase in reproductive rate by 20 % and better maintained live weight compared to control ewes grazing low quality pastures. Further work on rumen microbes using cultivation and molecular techniques indicated that rumen bacteria take approximately 10 weeks to adapt to dietary willow supplementation. Novel rumen bacterial species associated with willow

Prince, Cynthia Margaret (EdD, 2007)

"A knowledge creation approach to environmental education in early childhood: Creating a community of learners"

Ms Prince's research investigated the creation of a community of learners, comprising teachers, children and parents, to integrate environmental education within an early childhood curriculum. The research was conducted in two phases involving two early childhood centres, a kindergarten and a childcare centre. A two week environmental education curriculum was introduced by the teachers in the first phase. Participatory action research that empowered the teachers to lead the research occurred in the second phase. She found that the creation of a community of learners at both centres resulted in the participants creating their own environmental knowledge. A heightened awareness of the importance of environmental education as an integral part of an early childhood curriculum was gained by all those taking part.

Rawlins, Peter Leslie Charles (PhD, Education, 2007)

"Students’ perceptions of the formative potential of the National Certificate of Educational Achievement"

Dr Rawlins’ research investigated the formative potential of New Zealand’s new secondary school assessment system, the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA). This thesis used a case study approach to examine students’ perspectives of assessment practices in three Year 12 mathematics classrooms. This research concludes that whilst the NCEA has the potential to serve both summative and formative purposes of assessment, this potential it is yet to be fully realised. To effectively integrate assessment practices into learning, classroom practices need to move from assessment of learning to assessment for learning. The thesis offers practical and theoretical suggestions to improve the integration of formative assessment practices within classroom communities of practice.

Redding, Gabe Peter (PhD, Technology, 2007)

"Oxygen and the ovarian follicle"

Mr Redding’s research investigated the role of oxygen in in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). The novel application of engineering principles to the field of reproductive biology provided new insight into how structures within the ovary adapt in response to nutrient limitations. Mathematical models were developed and used to demonstrate that, contrary to previous beliefs, oxygen may be of key importance to early ovarian development. These models also allowed potential measures of egg quality to be identified which may lead to an increase in success rates in human IVF. The research has improved our understanding of ovarian development in mammals and identified new avenues for future research in this area.

Remminghorst, Uwe (PhD, Microbiology, 2007)

"Polymerisation and export of alginate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Functional assignment and catalytic mechanism of Alg8/44"

Mr Remminghorst investigated the requirement of the two proteins, Alg8 and Alg44, for alginate biosynthesis in the opportunistic human pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cystic fibrosis patients are infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which coincides with fatal prognosis. In cystic fibrosis patients, the production of alginate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major factor contributing to high patient morbidity. The secreted alginate matrix allows formation of extensive biofilms in human lungs, resulting in a highly persistent infection. Mr Remminghorst demonstrated the requirement of both proteins for alginate production. He was able to further characterize their membrane topology, subcellular localization and catalytic regions. The results of this work were used to generate a model describing a multiprotein complex involved in alginate polymerization, modification and export.

Roskruge, Nicholas Rahiri Te Awherata (PhD, Soil Science, 2007)

"Hokia kit e whenua"

Mr Roskruge focused on mātauranga Māori, aligned to horticulture and pedology, as the basis of an assessment model or tool for the future economic development of Māori land resources. The indigenous element, including Māori knowledge, was incorporated into the model using a triadic kosmos/corpus/praxis approach, where kosmos is applied as Te Ao Māori, corpus as mātauranga Māori and praxis as tikanga Māori. The crux of the cultural assessment tool is the quality of information used to assess Māori resources, especially from the cultural perspective. The ability to apply a cultural layer drawn from a body of knowledge, not previously included in decision models relative to land utility in New Zealand, is the tool’s key point of difference. The model is discussed for its beneficial use by Māori and how it can be continuously refined to meet the needs of Māori land owners, thus, contributing to their rangatiratanga.

Ryland, Brett Nicholas (PhD, Mathematical Physics, 2007)

"Multisymplectic Integration"

Multisymplectic integration is a developing field of numerical integration, particularly suited to the simulation of wave-like phenomena occurring in such areas as meteorology and quantum mechanics. Mr Ryland researched the construction of multisymplectic integrators by applying Gaussian Runge-Kutta or partitioned Runge-Kutta discretisation in space and time to a multi-Hamiltonian, partial, differential equation. Findings showed that application of one of the popular Gaussian Runge-Kutta methods in space, in general, does not lead to a well-defined integrator. By considering a class of partitioned Runge-Kutta methods, a class of partial differential equations is defined, such that, when these equations are discretised, they lead to well-defined explicit multisymplectic integrators. This class of equations includes the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which is fundamental to quantum mechanics. The results of Mr Ryland's thesis have important implications for the numerical simulation of systems exhibiting wave-like phenomena.

Sartie, Alieu Mortuwah (PhD, Plant Science, 2007)

"Phenotypic assessment and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of herbage and seed production on traits in perennial ryegrass"

Mr Sartie’s research focused on the development of marker-assisted selection technology in forage improvement. This technology enhances genetic gain from selection and improves traits that are not amenable to improvement by conventional breeding alone. Mr Sartie identified important component traits of herbage and seed production. His work contributed to the construction of a genetic linkage map with DNA markers used to identify key traits. Marker-trait association confirmed two markers, for rapid leaf appearance and long leaf. Mr Sartie’s work has commercial implications through the identification of markers for use in marker-assisted selection breeding. Importantly, the research also provides original information in plant science especially for understanding the genetics of herbage and seed production in perennial ryegrass.

Shang, Yongjin (PhD, Plant Science, 2007)

"How the pigment stripes form in snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers" A study of the molecular mechanism of benation pigmentation pattering in flowers"

Mr Shang studied the molecular mechanism controlling the formation of coloured stripes in snapdragon flowers. These flowers proved a useful model for the broader question of how a gene can be differentially regulated across a population of similar cells. Mr Shang used molecular methods to explore the performance of a key gene named Venosa, which controls anthocyanin biosynthesis and production of the red colour in snapdragon. The research showed that the red stripes were determined by the spacial expression of the Venosa gene, which, in turn, was controlled by a signal associated with the petal veins, possibly a plant hormone. During this study, a method was developed to quickly check whether isolated genes could be expressed in the flower petals of tobacco and petunia. Mr Shang also detected a gene that may control the production of yellow pigments in snapdragon flowers.

Simcock (Williams), Susan Lillian (PhD, English, 2007)

"New Zealand Drama"

Drama has been the slowest of the arts to develop an authentic New Zealand ‘voice.’ Ms Simock’s thesis focuses on the work of five playwrights: Bruce Mason, James K. Baxter, Mervyn Thompson, Renée and Robert Lord. All have set out to identify such a ‘voice’ and in so doing have brought about a metamorphosis in the nature of New Zealand drama. New Zealand has traditionally been regarded as being on ‘the margin’ in relation to the dominant culture of the colonizer. All of the chosen playwrights have insisted upon the intrinsic value of a two-tiered concept of ‘the margin.’ By setting their plays (wherever possible) in their birth country, highlighting New Zealand social issues and in the process persuading theatre-going audiences that plays about this country are worth watching, they have given new life to ‘the inner margin’: the culture of New Zealand as a whole.

Singh, Jagrati (PhD, Soil Science, 2007)

"The role of inhibitors in mitigating nitrogen losses from cattle urine and nitrogen fertilizer inputs in pastures"

Ms Singh studied the impact of urease and nitrification inhibitors, when applied alone or in combination to cattle urine and urea fertiliser. Specifically, she investigated the impact of these inhibitors on herbage production in pastures, nitrogen losses from ammonia and green house gas emissions, as well as nitrate leaching losses. Application of the urease inhibitor was ineffective in reducing greenhouse emissions, and application of the nitrification inhibitor increased ammonia emissions. However, combined applications reduced nitrogen losses from both ammonia and greenhouse emissions. Her results showed that the effectiveness of nitrification inhibitor in controlling nitrification - a process regulating nitrogen losses - varied with the nature and amount of organic soil matter and clay content. The research also demonstrated that a process-based model could be adapted to simulate the effect of nitrification inhibitor on greenhouse emission reductions.

Stewart-Withers, Rochelle Rosemary (PhD, Development Studies, 2007)

"Contesting development: The experience of female-headed households in Samoa"

Ms Stewart-Withers studied the development experience of female-headed households in Samoa through a feminist post-development framework and participatory methodologies. Her research showed that female-headed households are not always socially isolated, stigmatised, lacking in agency and the poorest of the poor. These findings worked to contest many of the ways that female-headed households have been problematised in development scholarship and practice, and rendered to the position of ‘other’. This study highlights the importance of culture when attempting to frame the development experiences of female-headed households in any part of the world, and the overall importance of contesting development categories. Shifting beyond a desire to uncritically categorise and label provides a space for envisioning development as a culturally specific, imaginative and opportunistic experience. This shift also provides a space for truly seeing the ways that people struggle, often successfully, to create and pursue opportunities.

Stirling, Susan (PhD, Geography, 2007)

"Geography fieldtrips in New Zealand at secondary school and undergraduate level in the second half of the 20th century and beyond"

Ms Stirling’s research offers a humanistic study of the practice of geography fieldtrips. Lecturers and teachers were interviewed to understand why fieldtrips are a part of geography courses, how they relate to geographers’ theoretical understandings, and what geographers hope to achieve by running fieldtrips. The study considers narratives of fieldtrips, involving the background and memories of those who have run fieldtrips, to elicit values and convictions important to the geographer. It suggests that the meaning of fieldtrips relates to geographers’ own approach to the subject, their philosophy of geography. This approach affected the way in which fieldtrips are practised, from a focus on mapping, to foci on gathering statistics, understanding society, and concentrating on matters of difference in society. Four main approaches were identified: classifying, applying general theories, using structures, and deconstructing the world. This work contributes to understanding the role of geography fieldtrips in New Zealand.

Tait, Edna Eileen (EdD, Education, 2007)

"Purposes, practice and power: An examination of the work of heads of field offices in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation"

Ms Tait’s research focused on seven heads of field offices in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to examine the power they had to promote the organization’s aim of developing and spreading knowledge around the world. She used concepts of organizational bureaucracy, organizational capital and frontline work to guide the research process. She found that the participants gain power from UNESCO’s intellectual and ethical purpose but are constrained in its use by bureaucratic processes. However, the participants have considerable power in their qualifications, experience, skills, high level of position, the resources of the post in which they work and the assumptions they hold about their work. Consequently, at the frontline, they are able to make valuable contributions to knowledge development. The research contributes new knowledge about, and possibilities for strengthening, UNESCO field work

Tan, Bee Hoon (PhD, English Studies, 2007)

"On-line writing laboratories and their application to ASEAN countries"

Ms Tan’s research focused on the applications of writing centres and online writing labs in tertiary education. In establishing the applicability of writing centres and online writing labs to ESL tertiary students in Malaysia, Ms Tan analysed thematic investigations on writing centres and online writing labs, ESL students and writing in English for Academic Purposes, and innovations in tertiary education; she also conducted a case study on the status of English in Malaysia, and completed a survey on the writing needs and writing support in English at a Malaysian university. These five investigations culminated in the formulation of a conceptual framework for the ESL writing centre approach and an action plan to implement the approach. The essence of the writing centre approach is in the application of writing centres as writing pedagogy, learner support and an immersive language learning environment.

Thesing Winks, Avril (PhD, Education, 2007)

"Maternal support in Early Childhood settings"

Ms Thesing's thesis focused on support for mothers through networks in their early childhood centres. The research aimed to ascertain whether mothers believed they gained support, the nature of the support, how the support was viewed by staff and the degree to which the support (if it occurred) addressed mothers' changing needs over time. Findings showed mothers were active providers of their own incremental support through a range of relationships, which they built in their early childhood centres. Secondly, support was a product of both formal and informal social systems in centres. Whilst mothers were opportunists, their need for a responsive environment for support to occur was most favoured by collaborative practices. As these practices were predominantly a function of informal systems, the research has implications for teacher support and training to encourage a wider application of intentional social co-operation.

Titus, Simone Megan (PhD, Veterinary Epidemiology, 2007)

"A novel model developed for Quantitative microbial risk assessment in the pork food chain"

Ms Titus addressed the need to determine the safety of pork chops produced in New Zealand. To this end, she developed a novel suite of quantitative, mathematical models. These models described and evaluated the likelihood that three potentially destructive bacteria were present on pork chops sold at retail outlets in New Zealand. Using these models, Ms Titus also investigated possible efficacious methods to reduce these pathogen numbers on pork chops. The models predicted distributions of bacteria concentrations and prevalence, while the model development process facilitated an increased understanding of pathogen dynamics occurring in the pork food chain. This suite of models can be adapted for use by government agencies in New Zealand.

Todd, Sarah Elizabeth (PhD, Physiology, 2007)

"Metabolism of Selenium in Cats and Dogs"

Dr Todd’s research addressed the need to establish adequate dietary selenium requirements for cats and dogs, and to increase knowledge regarding the metabolism of selenium in these species. Concentrations of selenium in commercially available pet foods in New Zealand were determined. The use of blood parameters for assessing selenium status was investigated and apparent absorption, excretion and retention of selenium was assessed in these animals when they were supplemented with various levels of inorganic and organic selenium. The effect of heat processing on the availability of selenium in pet foods was also investigated. This research provided fundamental data on some aspects of selenium metabolism. Results also indicate possible differences in the way in which cats metabolise selenium compared to dogs. However, further work is needed to clarify this and to further define selenium metabolism in these species.

Tong, Xingzhang (PhD, Molecular Biology, 2007)

"Transcriptional regulation of appressorium formation and function in Glomerella Cingulata"

Mr Tong studied the molecular mechanism involved when a fungal pathogen (Glomeralla cingulata) invades apple fruits and causes disease. A set of methods was established to investigate the function of individual genes in this pathogen and the interaction between the pathogen and the plant. Mr Tong cloned a gene from the fungus and established that this gene plays a key role in fungal development and invasion of the plant host. His research has greatly increased our understanding of fungal molecular biology and fungal pathogenicity.

Tremaine, Marianne Gaye (PhD, Management, 2007)

"Her Worship the Mayor: Women’s leadership in New Zealand local government"

This study looked at leadership in a different setting, by researching women mayors in New Zealand. The research aimed to discover how women mayors perceived exemplary mayoral leadership and how their views compared with leadership theory. The findings of the research were that research participants saw leadership as a process of working with the community to achieve mutually desired leadership goals. There were four areas considered by participants as requirements of exemplary mayoral leadership: being at the centre of webs of people rather than at the top of a hierarchy; having less concern for ego than for working towards change; being committed to making a difference in the community; and being prepared to sacrifice one’s own interests for the good of the community. These findings imply that being concerned to make a difference with, and through, others is at the core of leadership.

Viegas, Edmundo de Silva Soares (PhD, Natural Resource Management, 2007)

"Prospects of Sustainable Crop Production Technologies in East Timor."

Mr Viegas examined the prospects of sustainable crop production technologies in East Timor through relevant case studies and experimental data. An overview of the agricultural development in East Timor, emphasizing its traditional farming and cropping systems, was presented. Discussion of agricultural mechanization and technological change and their socio-economic ramifications on food security complemented this work. Case studies with short-term tillage trials, established both in East Timor and New Zealand, provided a better understanding of tillage and no-tillage effects on soil structure and crop production environments. This work has particular relevance to East Timor where collaborative efforts, led by the government, are being undertaken to develop its subsistence agriculture sector. For such a development to be sustainable, a selective agricultural mechanization was proposed, based primarily on local knowledge and a sound use of its fragile soil and scarce water resources.

Vosslamber, Andrea Selena (PhD, Education , 2007)

"Strategy instruction and teacher professional development to aid the teaching comprehension of Year 4 students"

Ms Vosslamber investigated methods of instruction to aid the reading comprehension of Year 4 primary school students. Students were trained to implement particular cognitive strategies (those used by ‘expert readers’) in order to better understand what they read. After six months of instruction, trained students were found to be superior to control groups, in their understanding of reading comprehension strategies and in their confidence to perform various reading tasks. The treated students also made slightly greater gains in standardised reading comprehension tests. This research adds to current understandings of the teaching of reading comprehension and will be of benefit to classroom teachers.

Walton, Michaela Christine (PhD, Nutritional Science, 2007)

"Berry Fruit Anthocyanins in Human Nutrition: Bioavailability and Antioxidant Effects"

Mrs Walton studied the bioavailability and antioxidant effect of berry fruit anthocyanins in human nutrition. She has shown that the absorption of anthocyanins mainly occurs in the jejunum and involves a transport mechanism, which is strongly inhibited by other flavonoids. The intake of food together with berry fruits delays absorption, but does not decrease the amount of anthocyanins absorbed. Furthermore, the increased antioxidant capacity in plasma, after berry fruit consumption, has a positive effect on several parameters of oxidative stress, but is not influenced when anthocyanins are ingested together with other foodstuff. The increase is, however, not a result of the original ingested berry fruit compounds, but metabolites thereof. The outcomes of Mrs Walton’s thesis aid to formulate future recommendations regarding anthocyanin intake as part of a healthy diet.

Wenn, Janice Eve (PhD, Public Health, 2007)

"Kaupapa Hauora Māori: Nga Whakaaro Whakahirahira o Nga Kaumātua"

Mrs Wenn’s research focused on the views of kaumātua - older Māori - in defining the concept of ‘Kaupapa Hauora Māori’ : optimal health and wellbeing for Māori. Using a qualitative methodology with in-depth interviewing with kaumātua from Taranaki and the Wairarapa, and using respondents to refine her analysis, Mrs Wenn has produced a framework which can be used in the design and quality assessment of health services. This framework has been applied in the critical analysis of the popular models of Māori health in order to gauge the concordance of these models with the views of conservative, older Māori. This research will inform the quality assessment and quality improvement processes for health providers as they address the priority of Māori health.

Wilkinson, Jillian Ann (PhD, Nursing, 2007)

"The New Zealand nurse practitioner polemic: A discourse analysis"

Ms Wilkinson traced the development of the newly established, advanced nursing practice role of nurse practitioner in New Zealand. Using a discourse analytical approach, informed by the work of Michel Foucault, she examined the discourses that have constructed the nurse practitioner role within the New Zealand social and political context. This role transcends traditional boundaries between nursing and medicine and has been controversial for many, both inside and outside nursing. Interviews with key informants revealed that the notion of an autonomous nursing profession has challenged medicine’s traditional position of surveillance of nursing practice. The availability of assessment, diagnostic and prescribing practices within a nursing discourse signals a radical shift in how nursing can be represented. The nurse practitioner polemic has revolutionised nursing in general, and may, in turn, lead to a qualitatively different health service.

Woods, Martin (PhD, Nursing, 2007)

"Parental resistance: Mobile and transitory discourses. A discursive analysis of parental resistance towards medical treatment for a seriously ill child"

Mr Woods investigated the ‘mobile and transitory’ discourses at play in instances of resistance between parents of seriously ill children, physicians and nurses within health care institutions. His qualitative study provides alternative ways of perceiving and therefore understanding these disagreements. His thesis obtained information from established literature, media and legal sources, and interviews with parents, doctors and nurses. It was argued that parental resistance is an omnipresent but transitory occurrence that affects many of the interactions between the parents of seriously ill children and clinical staff. ‘Seeds of this resistance’ are sown in both critical decision making situations and in everyday occurrences between doctors, nurses and parents within healthcare institutions. It was proposed that parents who resist treatment for their child illustrate how normative healthcare relationships issues are codified, constructed and crafted through everyday discourses and practices within health care settings.