Chicago style edition and punctuation
The examples on this page use the recently released Chicago Manual of Style 18th edition.
Punctuation is important. Use the same punctuation and formatting as the order instructions and examples. Use 1 space after any punctuation mark.
The Chicago Manual of Style sets out 2 referencing systems: footnotes and a bibliography or an author-date system. This page outlines both methods for referencing sources in Chicago style.
Key points
Each source entry has 5 basic parts:
- Name of the author – write the first author's name in reverse order, family name first. Give any other authors' names in the usual order (first name, family name).
- Year of publication – if there is no year, insert n.d.
- Article title – put a colon between the title and subtitle, unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
- Journal title – found on the cover or title page in print and in the header or footer of a webpage.
- Further publication information – the volume number, issue number, month or season and article page range, followed by the DOI or URL.
Author-date system
Reference list
The format of a journal article reference depends on what details are available. If the volume number and issue number are given, use a colon followed by the article page range. Don't give the season or month if the volume and issue numbers are given.
For an in-text journal citation, give the author and date followed by a comma and specific pages if you're quoting or paraphrasing. This format for in-text citations applies to all kinds of journals, print and online.
A DOI is a web address that starts with https://doi.org/. Use the DOI if it is available or the URL if it is not.
Order: Authors. Year. "Article Title." Journal Title volume number, issue number: article page range. DOI or URL
Example reference list
Castleberry, Stephen B., and C. David Shepherd. 1993. "Effective Interpersonal Listening and Personal Selling." Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 13 (3): 35-49. https://10.1080/10361140600672394
Example in-text citation
(Castleberry and Shepherd 1993, 43).
No volume number
If only the issue number is given, write the issue number without brackets and denote it with 'no.'. If the source includes a month or season, include it in brackets, followed by a colon and the article page range.
Example reference list
Castleberry, Stephen B., and C. David Shepherd. 1993. "Effective Interpersonal Listening and Personal Selling." Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, no. 1 (March): 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361140600672394
If no month or season is available, the issue number is followed by a comma rather than a colon.
Example reference list
Castleberry, Stephen B., and C. David Shepherd. 1993. "Effective Interpersonal Listening and Personal Selling." Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, no. 1, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361140600672394
No issue number
If only the volume number is given, write the volume number followed by any season or month in brackets, followed by a colon, then the article page range.
Order: Authors. Year. "Article Title." Journal Title volume number (month or season): article page range.
Example reference list
Castleberry, Stephen B., and C. David Shepherd. 1993. "Effective Interpersonal Listening and Personal Selling." Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 13 (Winter): 35-49.
If no month or season is available, the page number follows the colon with no intervening space.
Example reference list
Castleberry, Stephen B., and C. David Shepherd. 1993. "Effective Interpersonal Listening and Personal Selling." Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 13:35-49.
Footnote and bibliography system
Footnotes and endnotes
The format of a journal article reference depends on what details are available. If the volume and issue numbers are given, use a colon followed by the article page range. Don't give the season or month if the volume and issue numbers are given.
A DOI is a web address that starts with https://doi.org/. If a DOI is available, use the DOI. If there is no DOI, use the URL.
Order: Authors, "Article Title," Journal Title volume number, issue number (year): specific page number. DOI or URL
Example footnote
1Stephen B. Castleberry and C. David Shepherd, "Effective Interpersonal Listening and Personal Selling," Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 13, no. 1 (1993): 35, https://doi.org/10.107/1072-5245.15.2.117
2Castleberry and Shepherd, "Effective Interpersonal," 44.
Bibliography
Order: Authors. "Article Title." Journal Title volume number, issue number (year): article page range. DOI or URL.
Example bibliography
Castleberry, Stephen B., and C. David Shepherd. "Effective Interpersonal Listening and Personal Selling." Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 13, no. 1 (1993): 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.15.2.117.
No volume number
Put a comma after the journal title if there is no volume number
If there is no volume number, put a comma after the journal title, then the issue number. You can include any season or month details in addition to the year.
Order: Authors, "Article Title," Journal Title, issue number (year): specific page number. DOI or URL.
Example footnote
1Gelkopf, Mark, Paul Ryan, Sarah Cotton, and Rudi Berger, "The Impact of 'Training the Trainers' for Helping Tsunami-Survivor Children on Sri Lankan Disaster Volunteer Workers." International Journal of Stress Management, no. 15 (2008): 117–135.
Example bibliography
Gelkopf, Mark, Paul Ryan, Sarah Cotton, and Rudi Berger. "The Impact of 'Training the Trainers' for Helping Tsunami-Survivor Children on Sri Lankan Disaster Volunteer Workers." International Journal of Stress Management, no. 15 (2008): 117–135.
No issue number
If there is no issue number, omit and place the year after the volume number with no intervening punctuation. Cite a season or month to increase clarity about the source.
Order: Authors. "Article Title." Journal Title volume number (year): article page range. DOI or URL.
Example footnote
1Gelkopf, Mark, Paul Ryan, Sarah Cotton, and Rudi Berger, "The Impact of 'Training the Trainers' for Helping Tsunami-Survivor Children on Sri Lankan Disaster Volunteer Workers." International Journal of Stress Management 4 (Spring 2008): 117–135.
Example bibliography
Gelkopf, Mark, Paul Ryan, Sarah Cotton, and Rudi Berger. "The Impact of 'Training the Trainers' for Helping Tsunami-Survivor Children on Sri Lankan Disaster Volunteer Workers." International Journal of Stress Management 4 (Spring 2008): 117–135.
Online journal article
Order: Authors, "Article Title," Journal Title volume number, issue number (year): specific page number. DOI or URL.
Example footnote
1Gelkopf, Mark, Paul Ryan, Sarah Cotton, and Rudi Berger, "The Impact of 'Training the Trainers' for Helping Tsunami-Survivor Children on Sri Lankan Disaster Volunteer Workers." International Journal of Stress Management, no. 15 (2008): 117–135, https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.15.2.117.
2Gelkopt et al., “Training the Trainers,” 125.
Bibliography
Order: Authors. "Article Title." Journal Title volume number, issue number (year): article page range. DOI or URL.
Example bibliography
Gelkopf, Mark, Paul Ryan, Sarah Cotton, and Rudi Berger. "The Impact of 'Training the Trainers' for Helping Tsunami-Survivor Children on Sri Lankan Disaster Volunteer Workers." International Journal of Stress Management, no. 15 (2008): 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.15.2.117.
Referencing disclaimer
This page is a guide to proper referencing. Your course, department, school or institute may prescribe specific conventions. Their recommendations supersede these instructions. If your questions are not covered here, ask your course coordinator or ask on our Academic Q&A forum.
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