Chicago footnotes & endnotes
Learn why and how to format Chicago Manual of Style footnotes using the notes and bibliography system.
Chicago bibliography
Learn why and how to format a Chicago Manual of Style bibliography and cite your sources using the footnotes and bibliography system.
Audio & visual material
Chicago style referencing – how to format art works, video, audio and other visual material.
Books
Chicago style referencing – how to format books, chapters and eBooks.
Journals
Chicago style referencing – how to format print and online journal articles.
Online material
Chicago style referencing – how to format online material.
Other material
Learn how to format other material in a Chicago style reference list, footnote or bibliography.
Author-date in-text citations
Learn how to format Chicago Manual of Style in-text citations using the author-date system.
Author-date reference list
Learn how to format Chicago Manual of Style reference lists using the author-date system.
Notes and bibliography v. author-date system
The Chicago Manual of Style sets out 2 referencing systems – you can use either footnotes and a bibliography or an author-date system similar to APA.
Check your assignment instructions for which system to use.
Chicago Style notes and bibliography system
In the note-bibliography system, identify authors using a number in the text and index any further details by number in footnotes at the bottom of the relevant page or endnotes at the end of the text. Footnotes are preferred for university-level writing. Endnotes may be used in writing for publication.
Cite all sources in full in the bibliography, except personal communications and writer-sourced material such as personal photos.
The format will vary depending on the type of source, such as books, journals or online sources.
Chicago author-date referencing
The author-date style uses parenthetical in-text citations and a corresponding alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.
Notes and bibliography system
Author-date system
More about Chicago referencing systems
Notes and bibliography system
Notes and bibliography system
Author-date system
Author-date system
More about Chicago referencing systems
More about Chicago referencing systems
18th edition v. 17th edition
If you're using the 18th edition, see 'What's new in the 18th edition' for the main differences between the 17th and 18th edition.
Chicago Manual of Style Online
An accessible style, usage and grammar guide is available online – this includes the 17th and 18th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.
Chicago Manual of Style Online
You can also access the Chicago Manual of Style (18th ed.) through the Massey Library. The handbook provides detailed guidance on headings, tables, figures, language and tone.
Search for manual in Library Discover search (Massey library login required)
Get help from the Centre for Learner Success
The Centre for Learner Success work with students of all levels, studying on campus or online. Our Learning Advisers and Writing Consultants can support you with an assignment or help you improve your writing and study skills – either one-on-one or in a small group.
Submit a draft of your assignment to the Assignment Pre-reading Service and receive detailed, individual written feedback on how to improve your academic writing – including structure, focus, flow, style and referencing – before you submit your assignment for marking.
Centre for Learner Success
Centre for Learner Success
- Phone
Centre for Learner Success – assignment pre-reading service
Centre for Learner Success – assignment pre-reading service
- pre-reading@massey.ac.nz
- Phone
+64 695 165 47
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